Patient safety is science not art; i.e. it’s based on rigorous identification of all possible hazards, with disciplined rules and procedures to prevent human error from triggering any given hazard. According to the science of safety, at least two things have to go wrong to trigger a fatal error like the one at Alta Bates Summit Medical Center, where the death of a cancer patient was initially ascribed to an inappropriate dosage of a nutrient administered intravenously instead of through a feeding tube.
The two factors that must be present for any accident to occur are: (1) the presence of a hazard in the system; and (2) an unsafe event – called the trigger event – which unleashes the hazard. In the Alta Bates case, the trigger event was the human error.
There are numerous hazards in any system, whether the system is a nuclear power plant, the space shuttle, an oil refinery, the air traffic system, or a hospital. Each hazard is like a ticking time bomb awaiting activation by a trigger event. The hazards in the Alta Bates case could have been: insufficient orientation for the replacement nurse, ambiguous or overly complex procedures, absence of appropriate safeguards in the procedure, labeling on the medication, pressures from work disruption, haste, or unclear hospital policy. The unsafe event – the trigger – could have been an unclear warning on the packaging or unclear dosing instructions. These details have yet to be revealed.
Applying the science of safety, the hazards and potential triggers at Alta Bates Summit would had been methodically identified and mitigated long before the replacement nurse was hired; making the probability of such a tragedy very remote.